Bariatric & Metabolic Surgery

Class III obesity generally means a body mass index of 40 or above. BMI helps assess risk but does not alone describe overall health or treatment needs.

Excess body fat can worsen insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Weight management and glucose treatment are considered together, with metabolic surgery suitable for selected patients.

Obesity can contribute to high blood pressure and cardiovascular risk. Blood-pressure control needs attention alongside weight-related factors rather than relying on weight loss alone.

Obesity increases the risk of obstructive sleep apnoea, where breathing repeatedly stops or reduces during sleep. Loud snoring, witnessed pauses and daytime sleepiness are common clues.

Metabolic syndrome combines central obesity with problems such as raised blood pressure, abnormal glucose and unhealthy blood fats. Together these increase diabetes and cardiovascular risk.

Fat can accumulate in the liver in association with obesity and insulin resistance. Some people develop inflammation or scarring despite having few symptoms.

Excess weight increases loading on joints, particularly knees and hips. Joint symptoms and mobility limitations are considered alongside weight-management options.

Weight-related hormonal changes can affect ovulation or sperm health. Fertility problems still require review for other causes rather than being attributed to weight alone.

Severe obesity may affect breathing, mobility, glucose control and wellbeing together. Multidisciplinary assessment considers health risks, nutrition and suitability for different treatments.

Obesity can coexist with nutrient deficiencies, insulin resistance and other metabolic disturbances. A high calorie intake does not necessarily provide adequate nutrition.