Ophthalmology

A cataract is clouding of the eye's natural lens, causing blur, glare or reduced night vision. Its effect on daily activities helps guide surgery decisions.

Glaucoma damages the optic nerve, often without early symptoms. Eye pressure is a risk factor, but nerve assessment and visual-field testing are also important.

Diabetic retinopathy damages retinal blood vessels and may threaten sight before symptoms appear. Regular screening helps identify changes needing treatment.

Age-related macular degeneration affects the central retina used for detailed vision. Distorted straight lines or new central blur needs prompt eye review.

Retinal disorders affect the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. New flashes, many floaters or a curtain-like shadow can indicate a retinal tear or detachment and need urgent care.

Corneal disorders affect the clear front surface of the eye and can cause pain, light sensitivity or blurred vision. Infection and ulcers require prompt treatment to protect sight.

Dry eye occurs when tears do not adequately protect the eye surface. Burning, grittiness and fluctuating blur can occur despite reflex watering.

Refractive errors are focusing problems including short-sight, long-sight and astigmatism. They commonly cause blurred vision corrected with suitable lenses.

Eye infections can affect the conjunctiva or deeper structures. Pain, light sensitivity or reduced vision suggests more than uncomplicated conjunctivitis and needs prompt assessment.

Uveitis is inflammation inside the eye. Redness, pain, light sensitivity or blurred vision needs early review to limit complications.

Strabismus is misalignment of the eyes. In children it can affect development of vision; new double vision in an adult needs assessment.

Childhood eye disorders include focusing errors, amblyopia and congenital abnormalities. Early detection matters because visual development can be affected even without obvious complaints.

Eyelid and tear-drainage disorders can cause drooping, irritation or persistent watering. The affected structure determines whether medicines or a procedure may be appropriate.

Eye trauma can damage the eye surface or internal structures. Chemical exposure requires immediate irrigation and urgent assessment; suspected penetrating injury is an emergency.