General & Internal Medicine

Hypertension is persistently raised blood pressure. It often causes no symptoms but increases the risk of stroke, heart disease and kidney damage.

Diabetes causes raised blood glucose because insulin is insufficient or ineffective. Long-term care also considers the eyes, kidneys, nerves and cardiovascular health.

Fever of unknown origin is persistent fever without a cause identified after initial evaluation. Infection, inflammation and other illnesses are considered through targeted investigations.

Respiratory infections affect the nose, throat, airways or lungs. Cough and fever are common, but breathing difficulty or low oxygen suggests more serious illness.

Pneumonia is infection of lung air sacs and can cause fever, cough and breathlessness. Severity depends on the infection, age and underlying health.

Asthma causes variable airway narrowing; COPD usually causes more persistent airflow limitation. History and lung-function testing help distinguish overlapping symptoms.

Dengue and malaria are mosquito-borne infections with different complications and treatments. Persistent fever needs assessment rather than guessing the cause from symptoms alone.

Thyroid disorders include underactive or overactive hormone production and structural problems such as nodules. Energy, weight and heart rate may be affected.

Liver disease can result from infection, fat accumulation, alcohol or medicines. Some disease is silent, while jaundice, abdominal swelling or blood-test changes may prompt investigation.

Kidney disease impairs filtering of waste and regulation of fluid and body salts. Blood and urine tests may detect problems before clear symptoms appear.

Anaemia is reduced haemoglobin or red blood cells, limiting oxygen delivery. Iron deficiency, blood loss, vitamin deficiency and chronic illness are possible causes.

Electrolyte disorders involve abnormal levels of body salts such as sodium or potassium. They can affect muscles, nerves and heart rhythm and may relate to illness or medicines.

High cholesterol means unhealthy levels of blood fats. It usually has no symptoms but can contribute to arterial plaque and cardiovascular disease.

Autoimmune and systemic disorders can cause inflammation in several organs. Joint, skin or organ symptoms may require coordinated assessment to identify the underlying illness.

Multimorbidity means living with several long-term conditions. Treatment considers interactions between illnesses and medicines rather than managing each diagnosis in isolation.