Diabetology

Type 1 diabetes occurs when immune activity destroys insulin-producing cells. Insulin is essential; thirst, frequent urination and weight loss may be presenting signs.

Type 2 diabetes develops through insulin resistance and insufficient insulin production. It may be present for years without obvious symptoms.

Prediabetes is glucose above normal but below the diabetes threshold. It indicates increased diabetes risk, although progression is not inevitable.

Gestational diabetes is raised glucose diagnosed during pregnancy. Follow-up after delivery checks for continuing diabetes and future metabolic risk.

Diabetic neuropathy damages nerves, commonly in the feet. Burning, numbness or loss of protective sensation increases the risk of unnoticed injury.

Diabetic kidney disease damages kidney filters. Urine albumin and kidney-function tests may reveal changes before symptoms develop.

Diabetes can damage retinal blood vessels and cause other eye complications. Regular eye assessment matters because early sight-threatening changes may be silent.

Diabetic foot problems involve nerve damage, reduced circulation or infection. Small wounds may become serious when reduced sensation delays recognition.

An underactive or overactive thyroid can influence glucose control and wellbeing. Thyroid enlargement or nodules are separate structural concerns.

Obesity-related metabolic problems include insulin resistance, fatty liver and abnormal blood fats. Health risk depends on more than body weight alone.

Insulin initiation and titration adjusts treatment to glucose patterns, meals and activity. The aim includes suitable glucose control without excessive low-glucose episodes.

Hypoglycaemia is low blood glucose causing shaking, sweating or confusion. Severe episodes can cause unconsciousness and require urgent assistance.