Pathology & Laboratory Medicine

A complete blood count measures red cells, white cells and platelets. It can support evaluation of anaemia, infection and blood disorders but is interpreted with symptoms and other tests.

Biochemistry panels measure substances such as glucose, electrolytes and liver or kidney markers. Abnormal results need clinical interpretation rather than a diagnosis from one value alone.

Microbiology cultures aim to identify organisms in a sample; sensitivity testing assesses response to antimicrobial medicines. Sample quality and previous treatment can affect results.

Histopathology examines tissue under a microscope to identify disease, including tumour type. A biopsy report is interpreted alongside imaging and clinical findings.

Cytology examines individual cells from fluids, smears or needle samples. It can detect abnormal cells, although some findings need confirmation with tissue biopsy.

Coagulation studies assess parts of the blood-clotting system. They can help investigate bleeding or monitor selected medicines, with interpretation depending on the test used.

Hormone assays measure hormones involved in functions such as thyroid activity, growth and reproduction. Timing, medicines and physiological changes can influence levels.

Serology and infection markers look for immune responses or indicators of infection. A positive result does not always mean a current active infection and may require confirmation.

Urine and body-fluid analysis can identify blood, protein, cells or organisms. Findings support investigation of kidney, urinary and other disorders but need clinical context.

Tumour markers are substances that may rise with certain cancers and some benign conditions. Most are not standalone cancer screening or diagnostic tests.

Blood grouping identifies blood type; cross-matching checks compatibility with donor blood. These tests help reduce transfusion-reaction risk before blood is given.