Neurosurgery

Brain and spinal tumours can compress tissue regardless of whether they are benign or malignant. Imaging, location and tissue type help determine whether surgery is appropriate.

Some strokes cause swelling, obstructed fluid flow or bleeding that may need neurosurgical treatment. This applies to selected complications, not every stroke.

Hydrocephalus is excessive cerebrospinal fluid within brain cavities. It may raise pressure or cause walking and cognitive problems, depending on age and cause.

Head injuries can cause skull fractures, swelling or bleeding within the skull. Reduced consciousness, repeated vomiting or worsening neurological signs needs emergency evaluation.

Brain haemorrhage is bleeding within or around the brain. Sudden severe headache, weakness or reduced consciousness may require emergency imaging and treatment.

Spinal disc disease includes degeneration and disc protrusion that can compress nerves. Surgery is considered for selected symptoms or neurological deficits, not every scan abnormality.

Spinal stenosis narrows the spinal canal or nerve exits. Persistent walking limitation or neurological symptoms may prompt assessment of surgical and non-surgical options.

Spinal cord compression can cause weakness, numbness or bladder and bowel changes. New or worsening symptoms need urgent assessment to prevent lasting damage.

Degenerative spine disorders involve age-related disc, joint and ligament changes. Some cause no symptoms; treatment depends on pain, function and nerve involvement.

Trigeminal neuralgia causes brief, severe facial pain attacks. Selected nerve-compression conditions may need a procedure when symptoms remain troublesome despite appropriate medical treatment.

Epilepsy surgery evaluation is considered for selected patients whose seizures remain uncontrolled with appropriate medicines. It assesses seizure origin and the safety of any potential intervention.