Geriatric Medicine

Osteoporosis weakens bones and raises fracture risk after minor falls. It is often silent until a fracture occurs.

Frailty is reduced physical reserve, making illness or injury harder to recover from. Weakness, slow walking and unintentional weight loss can be signs.

Memory concerns can relate to medicines, mood, sleep or dementia. Changes affecting everyday activities deserve assessment rather than being assumed to be normal ageing.

Falls often involve several factors, including strength, balance, vision and medicines. Repeated falls can reduce confidence and independence as well as cause injury.

Multiple medicines increase the risk of interactions and side effects. Review considers benefits, risks and treatment burden across all existing conditions.

Hearing and vision decline affect communication, balance and independence. Some causes are treatable, so new or worsening loss needs assessment.

Incontinence is involuntary loss of urine or stool. Medicines, mobility difficulties, infection and neurological or pelvic conditions may contribute in older adults.

Sleep problems in seniors include fragmented sleep, insomnia and sleep apnoea. Pain, medicines and mood can influence the pattern.

Malnutrition may result from poor appetite, swallowing difficulty or illness. It can cause muscle loss, weakness and slower recovery.

After hospitalisation, older adults may have reduced strength and changed support needs. Review focuses on medicines, nutrition, cognition and safe everyday function.

Chronic pain in older adults may involve arthritis, nerve damage or several conditions. Its effect on sleep and independence matters alongside medication safety.