Fertility, IVF & Reproductive Medicine

Infertility means difficulty achieving pregnancy despite regular unprotected intercourse. Factors may involve ovulation, fallopian tubes, sperm or both partners.

Ovulation disorders occur when eggs are released irregularly or not at all. Irregular or absent periods can be a clue, with cycle review and hormone testing helping clarify the cause.

PMOS can interfere with regular ovulation and make conception harder. Fertility assessment also considers metabolic health and contributing factors in the partner.

Endometriosis may affect fertility through inflammation, ovarian involvement or scarring near the fallopian tubes. Its impact varies with the location and extent of disease.

Tubal-factor infertility occurs when fallopian tubes are blocked or damaged, preventing sperm and egg from meeting normally. Previous infection, surgery or endometriosis can contribute.

Male-factor infertility involves problems with sperm production, function or delivery. Semen analysis is a starting point, and abnormal findings may need confirmation.

Low sperm count means fewer sperm in semen; poor motility means fewer move effectively. Both can reduce fertilisation chances without necessarily preventing natural conception.

Recurrent pregnancy loss refers to repeated miscarriages. Chromosomal, uterine, hormonal and other factors may contribute, although a clear cause is not always identified.

Unexplained infertility means standard tests have not identified a definite cause for difficulty conceiving. It does not mean the difficulty is imagined or that treatment cannot be considered.

Premature ovarian insufficiency is reduced ovarian function before age 40. Diminished ovarian reserve means fewer remaining eggs than expected; neither can be established from one symptom alone.