Vascular Surgery

Peripheral arterial disease narrows arteries supplying the limbs. It can cause walking-related calf pain, poor wound healing or pain at rest when blood flow is severely reduced.

Varicose veins are enlarged superficial veins caused by faulty venous valves. Aching, heaviness, itching and ankle swelling may worsen after prolonged standing.

Chronic venous insufficiency means leg veins do not return blood effectively. Persistent swelling, skin discolouration and venous ulcers can develop over time.

DVT is a blood clot in a deep vein, usually in the leg. New one-sided swelling or pain needs prompt review because a clot can travel to the lungs.

Carotid artery disease narrows arteries supplying the brain and increases stroke risk. Temporary weakness, speech difficulty or vision loss can be warning signs.

An aortic aneurysm is abnormal enlargement of the body's main artery. Many are symptom-free, but rupture risk depends on size, growth and location.

Peripheral arterial aneurysms are abnormal widenings of arteries outside the aorta, often behind the knee. Clots or blockage can threaten blood flow to the limb.

Diabetes can damage blood vessels and reduce foot circulation. Poor blood flow and nerve damage together increase the risk of wounds that heal slowly.

Chronic limb-threatening ischaemia is severely reduced blood flow causing rest pain, ulcers or tissue loss. Prompt vascular assessment is needed to reduce the risk of limb loss.

Dialysis fistulas or grafts can develop narrowing, clotting or infection. Reduced dialysis flow, arm swelling or loss of the usual vibration may indicate an access problem.