Orthopaedics & Joint Care

Osteoarthritis is wear-related damage to joint cartilage and surrounding structures. Pain with use, stiffness after rest and reduced movement are common.

Rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory joint diseases involve immune-driven inflammation. Prolonged morning stiffness and swollen joints differ from typical wear-related arthritis.

A fracture is a broken bone; a dislocation means a joint's bones have moved out of alignment. Both can damage nearby nerves and vessels and need prompt assessment.

Sports injuries can affect bones, joints, muscles and supporting tissues. The movement causing injury and any instability help determine its type and severity.

Ligaments connect bones, while tendons connect muscle to bone. Stretching or tearing either can cause pain, swelling and loss of strength or stability.

The meniscus is a cartilage cushion in the knee. Tears can cause joint-line pain, catching or locking after injury or gradual degeneration.

Back and neck pain often arises from muscles, joints or discs. Limb weakness, loss of bladder control or other new neurological symptoms require urgent review.

A herniated disc occurs when disc material protrudes and may press on a nerve. Arm or leg pain, tingling and weakness depend on the level affected.

Spinal stenosis is narrowing of spaces containing spinal nerves. It can cause limb pain, numbness or difficulty walking, sometimes eased by bending forward.

Scoliosis is a sideways curve with rotation of the spine. Age, curve size and progression determine whether observation, bracing or other treatment is considered.

Osteoporosis weakens bones, allowing fractures after minor falls or strain. Hip, wrist and spinal fractures are common sites.

Advanced joint degeneration may cause persistent pain and loss of daily function. Replacement evaluation considers symptoms, imaging and response to non-operative options, not the X-ray alone.

Shoulder disorders include tendon problems, frozen shoulder and arthritis. Pain, stiffness and weakness have different causes and need a focused examination.

Knee disorders may involve cartilage, menisci, ligaments or tendons. Swelling, locking and instability help distinguish problems that cause similar pain.

Hip disorders include arthritis, impingement and tendon conditions. Hip pain may be felt in the groin, outer hip or even the knee.

Foot and ankle disorders can affect walking through joint, tendon, ligament or alignment problems. Injury history, footwear and the precise pain location help clarify the cause.