Nephrology & Dialysis

CKD is a persistent abnormality of kidney structure or function lasting at least three months. Blood tests, urine findings and blood pressure help assess often-silent disease.

Acute kidney injury is sudden kidney-function decline. Dehydration, infection, blockage and medicines are possible causes, some reversible with timely care.

Diabetes can damage kidney filters, sometimes first detected as albumin in urine. Kidney function may initially remain normal despite this early sign.

Long-standing hypertension damages small kidney blood vessels. Kidney disease can in turn worsen blood pressure, creating a cycle needing careful control.

Glomerulonephritis is inflammation of kidney filtering units. It may cause blood or protein in urine, swelling or reduced kidney function.

Nephrotic syndrome involves excessive urinary protein loss, often with swelling and low blood protein. Several kidney diseases can produce this pattern.

Electrolyte and acid-base disorders alter body salts or blood acidity. Kidney disease, medicines and fluid loss can contribute, sometimes affecting rhythm or consciousness.

Recurrent kidney stones may need investigation for metabolic causes. Stone composition and urine chemistry help identify factors encouraging further stones.

Polycystic kidney disease is usually inherited and causes multiple kidney cysts. High blood pressure and declining kidney function can develop over time.

Dialysis care includes monitoring fluid, blood chemistry, symptoms and access function. Dialysis replaces some kidney functions but does not cure the underlying disease.

Kidney failure means kidney function cannot adequately maintain waste removal and fluid balance. It may be acute or advanced chronic disease, with treatment depending on cause and severity.

Transplant evaluation assesses suitability for kidney transplantation. Follow-up monitors graft function, anti-rejection medicines and infection risk; evaluation does not imply transplant surgery is performed onsite.