General & GI Surgery

Appendicitis is inflammation of the appendix, often causing worsening abdominal pain, nausea and fever. Prompt assessment matters because an inflamed appendix can perforate.

Gallstones are hardened deposits in the gallbladder that may cause upper abdominal pain. Fever or jaundice can indicate inflammation or a blocked bile duct.

A hernia occurs when tissue pushes through a weak area in the abdominal wall. A painful swelling that cannot be reduced, particularly with vomiting, needs urgent assessment.

Haemorrhoids are swollen vascular cushions in the anus or lower rectum that may bleed or itch. Rectal bleeding should be assessed rather than automatically attributed to piles.

An anal fissure is a small tear in the anal lining, causing sharp pain during bowel movements and sometimes bright red bleeding. Hard stools commonly contribute.

An anal fistula is an abnormal tunnel between the anal canal and nearby skin, often following an abscess. Repeated discharge or swelling is common, and specialist treatment may be needed.

An abscess is a collection of pus from infection. It usually causes painful swelling and may require drainage rather than antibiotics alone.

Thyroid and parathyroid surgical disorders include selected nodules, enlargement and overactive parathyroid glands. Hormone results, imaging and sometimes tissue sampling determine whether surgery is appropriate.

Breast lumps can be cysts, benign growths or cancer. Examination, imaging and biopsy when indicated establish the cause before treatment is planned.

Benign soft-tissue lumps include lipomas and cysts. A rapidly growing, deep, painful or unexplained lump needs review even if it resembles a common benign swelling.

Acute abdominal surgical conditions include bowel obstruction and perforation. Sudden severe pain, persistent vomiting or signs of shock require urgent evaluation.