Oncology

Breast cancer is a malignant growth in breast tissue. A lump, nipple or skin change may prompt investigation, while screening can detect some cancers before symptoms.

Lung cancer is a malignant lung growth, distinct from benign nodules or infection. Persistent cough or coughing blood may prompt investigation, but diagnostic confirmation is needed.

Colorectal cancer begins in the colon or rectum. Blood in stool, changed bowel habits or anaemia may occur, although early disease can be symptom-free.

Gastric cancer develops in the stomach lining. Persistent discomfort, early fullness, weight loss or unexplained anaemia may warrant investigation.

Liver and biliary cancers arise in the liver, bile ducts or gallbladder. The organ of origin and disease extent influence treatment.

Pancreatic cancer develops in the pancreas and may cause jaundice, weight loss or abdominal or back pain. Imaging and diagnostic confirmation are important because symptoms are non-specific.

Oesophageal cancer affects the food pipe and can cause progressive difficulty swallowing. Weight loss or pain with swallowing also needs review.

Head and neck cancers affect sites such as the mouth, throat and voice box. A persistent ulcer, neck lump or voice change warrants assessment.

Gynaecological cancers affect female reproductive organs, with symptoms differing by site. Bleeding after menopause always needs review.

Prostate cancer may be detected before urinary symptoms appear. Grade, stage and overall health help distinguish monitoring needs from active treatment needs.

Kidney and bladder cancers affect different urinary-system organs. Blood in urine can be a sign, but diagnostic pathways and treatment differ by site.

Brain and spinal tumours may be benign or malignant. Their location can affect movement, sensation or seizures and is important alongside tumour type.

Lymphomas are cancers of immune cells called lymphocytes. Enlarged nodes, night sweats or unexplained fever may occur; biopsy establishes the type.

Leukaemias are cancers of blood-forming tissue producing abnormal blood cells. They can cause fatigue, infections, bruising or bleeding and are distinct from solid tumours.

Sarcomas arise in connective tissue such as bone, muscle or fat. A growing deep lump or persistent unexplained bone pain may need specialist investigation.

Metastatic cancer has spread from its original site. Care depends on cancer type and extent and also addresses symptoms, function and patient goals.